Germanium
Germanium is a vital part of high-efficiency solar panels used in harsh conditions.
China produces most of the world’s germanium, which is extracted as a by-product from mining other metals. China also refines it, getting it ready for use in solar panels. Germanium is critical in multi-junction solar cells, which are super-efficient and used in space and advanced tech.
Despite China’s grip on germanium production, they face environmental and social problems in mining areas. Pressure from abroad is pushing for more sustainable practices and better work conditions in the industry.