Hydrogen
Hydrogen is one of the most promising technologies for a sustainable future. Hydrogen fuel cells, which convert hydrogen into electricity, require several critical raw materials, including platinum and iridium. These materials are essential for production and to ensure the efficient operation of fuel cells, but their extraction, refining, and use also pose complex economic, political, and social challenges.
1 Utvinning
In the first step, raw materials like platinum and iridium are extracted. These materials are mainly found in South Africa, the world’s largest producer of platinum group metals (PGM). Mining in South Africa is extensive and also linked to significant environmental and social challenges.
2 Raffinering
In the second step, the raw materials are refined. Refining platinum and iridium also largely takes place in South Africa. This process involves advanced technologies to ensure high purity and quality. South Africa’s refining facilities are among the most advanced globally, but they face challenges related to energy consumption and environmental impact.
3 Komponenter
In the third phase, the refined materials are used to create components. Platinum and iridium are used in catalysts in hydrogen fuel cells, crucial for improving efficiency and reducing energy loss. American companies are the largest producers of these components. Advanced manufacturing facilities ensure that the components meet the stringent requirements for fuel cell performance.
4 Produkter
Finally, the components are assembled in the fourth step into complete hydrogen fuel cells. Many of the leading providers of hydrogen technology are European and American companies. The finished products are tested and prepared for installation in vehicles and stationary power generators, among other applications. The completed hydrogen fuel cell is the result of a global supply chain involving many countries and complex processes.